Case report and literature review: antenatal diagnosis of a fetal anaplastic astrocytoma.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the ultrasonographic appearance of congenital anaplastic astrocytoma, so as to provide diagnostic clues for it. An updated review of the literature was also carried out. RESULTS: There was a case of fetal anaplastic astrocytoma detected by ultrasound at 37 + 1 weeks of gestation. It showed that a hypoechoic mass was located in the left hemisphere with a relatively clear margin and subtle color flows. Prenatal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which was taken subsequently confirmed the result of ultrasound. Intratumoral hemorrhage was observed in later follow-up and further confirmed by histological examination. The fetus was delivered vaginally at 39 + 6 weeks. The infant died 2 h after delivery due to respiration failure. The histological examination confirmed an anaplastic astrocytoma. CONCLUSIONS: Congenital anaplastic astrocytoma commonly detected by ultrasound has a relatively better perinatal prognosis, especially compared with glioblastoma. Prenatal ultrasonography diagnosis accurately is of critical importance. The anaplastic astrocytoma should be considered in cases in which fetal images reveal a heterogeneous echogenic mass in the brain, especially in the presence of intratumoral hemorrhage, subtle color flow, and relatively clear margin.

Diagnostic challenges of an incidental finding: case report of definitely-congenital glioblastoma multiforme in a very preterm infant.

BACKGROUND: Congenital brain tumors are extremely rare in the neonatal population, and often associated with a poor prognosis. The diagnostic suspicion is often aroused at antenatal scans or postnatally, if clinical signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure become evident. We present a case of definitely congenital glioblastoma multiforme incidentally diagnosed in a preterm infant, aiming to raise clinical awareness on this condition and to highlight the challenges of the related diagnostic work-up. CASE PRESENTATION: This female infant was born at 31 weeks' gestation after an uneventful pregnancy. No abnormalities were detected at antenatal ultrasound scans and genetic tests. Head circumference at birth was on the 25th centile. A routine brain ultrasound scan performed on day 1 revealed a large, inhomogeneous lesion in the right cerebral hemisphere, with contralateral midline shift, which was confirmed by brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Eye fundus and routine blood exams, including platelets count, coagulation screening and C-reactive protein, were normal. Given the high risk of complications, surgical biopsy of the lesion was temporarily hold and a daily sonographic follow-up was undertaken. Although head circumference growth was steady on the 25th centile, progressive changes of the lesion were detected by cranial ultrasound. The repeat MRI scans showed a significant enlargement of the mass, with contralateral midline shift and signs of intralesional and intraventricular bleeding. In view of this worsening, surgical resection was performed. The histological examination of the lesion biopsy documented a GFAP+ highly cellular neoplasm, with no mutation on SMARCB1 gene. At the molecular analysis, mutations on IDH and H3F3A genes were absent, whereas MGMT promoter was unmethylated. The diagnosis was grade IV glioblastoma IDH wild-type. CONCLUSIONS: Congenital glioblastoma multiforme is an extremely rare but highly aggressive neoplasm. Since intralesional biopsy is not often feasible in affected neonates, knowledge of the associated clinical and neuroradiological features is particularly important, as they can also add useful information on the neoplasm behavior. Specimens from open surgical resection allow to perform a definite histological analysis and an extended molecular characterization, with relevant prognostic implications.

Congenital tumors of the central nervous system: an institutional review of 64 cases with emphasis on tumors with unique histologic and molecular characteristics.

Congenital brain tumors are rare accounting for 0.5%-1.9% of all pediatric brain tumors. While different criteria have been used to classify a tumor as congenital, those diagnosed prior to 6 months of age are considered to be "probably" congenital in origin. We performed an institutional review of all central nervous system (CNS) tumors (surgical and autopsy specimens from 1990 to 2019) in patients less than 6 months old. Sixty-four unique cases were identified, and these accounted for 2.0% of all CNS tumor specimens at our institution. The most common tumor types were high-grade gliomas, low-grade gliomas and medulloblastomas. Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors, choroid plexus tumors and germ cell tumors also accounted for a significant portion of the cohort. Seven tumors were diagnosed prenatally. The most common clinical presentation at diagnosis was increased head circumference. At the conclusion of the study, over half of the patients were alive including all patients with WHO grade I and II tumors. Ninety-two percent of cases were classifiable using the 2016 WHO system, and when available, molecular findings supported the histologic diagnoses. However, several gliomas had unusual histologic features and did not correspond to a well-defined entity. Molecular testing was essential for accurate classification of a subset of these tumors, and several high-grade gliomas exhibited fusions considered unique to infantile gliomas, including those involving the MET, ALK and NTRK genes. To our knowledge, this cohort represents the largest single-institution study of congenital CNS tumors and highlights many ways in which congenital CNS tumors are distinct from CNS tumors of older pediatric patients and adults.

Genomic characterization of a PPP1CB-ALK fusion with fusion gene amplification in a congenital glioblastoma.

ALK (Anaplastic lymphoma kinase) fusion proteins are oncogenic and have been seen in various tumors. PPP1CB-ALK fusions are rare but have been reported in a few patients with low- or high-grade gliomas. However, little is known regarding the mechanism of fusion formation and genomic break points of this fusion. We performed genomic characterization of a PPP1CB-ALK fusion with fusion gene amplification in a congenital glioblastoma. The PPP1CB-ALK consists of exons 1-5 of PPP1CB and exons 20-29 of ALK. The genomic translocation breakpoints were determined by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and Sanger sequencing of genomic DNA. Next generation sequencing, RT-qPCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses demonstrated PPP1CB-ALK amplification. Copy number analyses of genes between PPP1CB and ALK using RT-qPCR suggest that the PPP1CB-ALK is likely the result of local chromothripsis followed by episomal amplification. Transcriptome sequencing demonstrated high-level SOX2 expression and predicted WNT/ß-catenin pathway activation, suggesting possible therapeutic approaches.

[Rare association between maternal ovarian cancer and neonatal brain tumor: about a case]. / Association rare d'une tumeur ovarienne maternelle et d'une tumeur cérébrale néonatale: à propos d'un cas.

Fetal brain tumors are rare. Teratoma is the most common histological type. Their evolution is often fatal. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging allows for early antenatal diagnosis. However, definitive diagnosis is based on histologic examination. Placental metastases are rare and complicate more often the course of malignant melanomas, hemopathies, breast and bronchial cancers. In pregnant women who have recently had a cancer, anatomopathologic examination of the placenta should be requested to detect tumor invasion. Similarly, neonatal assessment and extended pediatric follow-up are required. The establishment of registries collecting all cancer cases diagnosed among pregnant woman is essential for a better understanding of the epidemiology of these cancers as well as of maternal and paediatric prognostic factors. We here report a case of fetal brain tumor in a woman with recurrent ovarian cancer.

Congenital Glioblastoma Multiforme with Long-Term Childhood Survival: A Case Report and Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Congenital glioblastoma multiforme (cGBM) is an infrequent primary central nervous system tumor occurring within the first few months of life with a reported poor overall prognosis. Our objective was to describe our own clinical case of cGBM and review the literature of cGBM cases with prolonged survival. CASE DESCRIPTION: We report a case of cGBM with prolonged survival at 4 years. A systematic review was conducted on cases of cGBM with long-term childhood survival. We searched online databases until August 2019 for relevant articles. The patient underwent an emergency right hemicraniectomy with excision and biopsy of the right cerebral hemisphere mass and insertion of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. At present, she is a 52-month-old child with good speech and minimal left hemiparesis and able to ambulate, with a Functional Independence Measure for Children score of 109. Out of 160 articles screened, there were 10 articles included. A total of 15 patients, including the present case, were analyzed qualitatively. The age at presentation ranged from 30 weeks' gestation to 35 days. Most patients underwent surgical excision (n = 13, 86.7%) and adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 10, 66.7%). The reported range of survival of these patients was from 27 to 110 months. CONCLUSIONS: Limited evidence from 15 cases of cGBM suggests that surgical excision and/or chemotherapy may prolong the survival of patients. Therefore, these interventions may be offered and performed to patients with cGBM on a case-by-case basis. Larger clinical studies or registry-based information are necessary to substantiate the implications of our review.

Oncogenic GOPC-ROS1 Fusion Identified in a Congenital Glioblastoma Case.

Congenital glioblastoma (GBM) is a rare brain tumor of infancy. While histologically they resemble pediatric and adult GBM, growing evidence suggests a distinct molecular profile. We report the case of a 7-day-old infant female with congenital GBM found to harbor a GOPC-ROS1 fusion. She underwent surgical resection, moderate-intensity chemotherapy without radiation, and remains disease-free 4 years from completion of therapy. While the frequency of this mutation is not known, the identification of this oncogenic driver may provide insight into the pathogenesis of GBM in this age group and may serve as a molecular target for select patients.

Ganglioglioma in a Survivor of Infantile Glioblastoma.

Congenital tumors account for 2% to 4% of all pediatric central nervous system tumors. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) represents a small subset of these tumors. Despite harboring histologic features similar to older patients, infants with GBM exhibit improved survival and respond more favorably to surgery and chemotherapy. To highlight this tumor's unique behavior, we report the case of a survivor of infantile GBM who developed a recurrent tumor in the surgical bed 6 months after diagnosis. The tumor was ultimately resected and was a ganglioglioma. This case shows both a favorable clinical outcome to an infantile GBM and this tumor's natural history.

A possible link between intracranial lipomas and localization-related relapses in multiple sclerosis.

Intracranial lipomas are congenital malformations representing less than 0.5% of intracranial tumors. They are found incidentally and are asymptomatic in the majority of patients. Here we present three patients with Multiple sclerosis (MS) and intracranial lipomas (IL). The patients showed increased flares and burden of disabling and worsening MS symptoms with cognitive, neurovestibular dysfunction, and gait alterations associated with the localization of the Lipoma. The parenchyma near the Lipomas showed areas of demyelination and atrophy. We postulate that the location and content of the Lipomas may participate in the pathophysiology of MS symptoms in these patients. We conclude that in concurrent IL and MS, the lipomas localization may provoke incapacitating relapses.

Targetable molecular alterations in congenital glioblastoma.

INTRODUCTION: Congenital glioblastomas (cGBMs) are uncommon tumors presenting in early infancy, variably defined as diagnosed at birth or at age less than 3 months by strict criteria, or more loosely, as occurring in very young children less than 12 months of age. Previous studies have shown that cGBMs are histologically indistinguishable from GBMs in older children or adults, but may have a more favorable clinical outcome, suggesting biological differences between congenital versus other GBMs. Due to the infrequency of cGBMs, especially when employing strict inclusion criteria, molecular features have not been sufficiently explored. METHODS: Archer FusionPlex Solid Tumor Kit, Archer VariantPlex Solid Tumor Kit, Illumina RNAseq were utilized to study cGBMs seen at our institution since 2002. A strict definition for cGBM was utilized, with only infants less than age 3 months at clinical presentation sought for this study. RESULTS: Of the 8 cGBM cases identified in our files, 7 had sufficient materials for molecular analyses, and 3 of 7 cases analyzed showed fusions of the ALK gene (involving MAP4, MZT2Bex2 and EML4 genes as fusion partners). One case showed ROS1 fusion. Somatic mutations in TSC22D1, BMG1 and DGCR6 were identified in 1 case. None of the cases showed alterations in IDH1/2, histone genes, or the TERT gene, alterations which can be associated with GBMs in older children or adults. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that cGBMs are genetically heterogeneous and biologically different from pediatric and adult GBMs. Identification of ALK and ROS1 raise the possibility of targeted therapy with FDA-approved targeted inhibitors.

A Congenital Case of Ependymoblastoma: A Rare and Aggressive Brain Tumor.

Congenital brain tumors are rare, representing <2% of all childhood brain tumors. Of these, ependymoblastoma is a profoundly aggressive embryonal brain tumor that is included in the diagnostic entity known as an embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes. This report of a congenital ependymoblastoma diagnosed at birth aims to highlight how much remains unknown about embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes and the devastating prognosis of this condition. Despite recent advancements made in identifying molecular targets for therapy, this tumor continues to have a high rate of recurrence with few successful treatment options, especially when diagnosed in the newborn period.

Neonatal Teratoma: Craniofacial Treatment.

Teratomas are rare congenital neoplasms. Head and neck locations of the tumor are uncommon with combined intracranial and extracranial extensions being even more rare. The authors present a case of teratoma involving the temporal, buccal, maxillary, orbital and extending to the intracranial regions, which was successfully managed by surgical resection.

Clinical case seminar: Familial intracranial germinoma.

BACKGROUND: Intracranial germinomas (ICG) are uncommon brain neoplasms with extremely rare familial occurance. Since ICG invades hypothalamus and/or pituitary, the endocrine dysfunction is one of the common determinants of these tumors. We presented two brothers with the history of ICG. Patient 1 is a 25-year-old male who had been suffering from the weakness of the right half of his body at the age of 18. Cranial MRI revealed mass lesion in the left thalamus. He underwent neurosurgery, tumor was removed completely. Histopathological (HP) and immunohistochemical analyses verified the diagnosis of pure germinoma. He experienced complete remission of the tumor after a radiation therapy. At the age of 22 the diagnosis of isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD) was established and GH replacement was initiated. Patient 2 is a 20-year old boy who was presented with diabetes insipidus at the age of 12. MRI detected tumor in the third ventricle and pineal region. After the endoscopic tumor biopsy the HP diagnosis was pure germinoma. He received chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy, and treated with GH during childhood. At the age of 18 GH replacement was reintroduced. A six month follow-up during the next two years in both brothers demonstrated the IGF1 normalization with no MRI signs of tumor recurrence. CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge so far, only six reports have been published related to familial ICG. The presented two brothers are the first report of familial ICG case outside of Japan. They are treated successfully with GH therapy in adult period. < /p > < p >.

Prenatal diagnosis of pericallosal curvilinear lipoma: specific imaging pattern and diagnostic pitfalls.

We report the first series of cases of pericallosal curvilinear lipoma (CL) diagnosed prenatally and highlight the limitations in identifying a specific prenatal imaging pattern using ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In all five of our cases, on ultrasound, the main feature leading to referral was a short corpus callosum. This subtle callosal dysgenesis was associated with a band of hyperechogenicity surrounding the corpus callosum, mimicking the pericallosal sulcus, which increased in size during the third trimester in three of the four cases in which sonographic follow-up was performed. On T2-weighted MRI, this band showed typical hypointensity in all cases; in contrast, on T1-weighted imaging, in only one case was there hyperintensity, suggestive of fat, as seen typically in the postnatal period. For appropriate prenatal counseling regarding outcome, it is important to identify or rule out CL when mild corpus callosal dysgenesis is observed. One should be aware of subtle diagnostic findings, such as a thin band of echogenicity surrounding the corpus callosum that is seen as a band of hypointensity on T2-weighted fetal MRI, and which may increase in size during gestation. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.